All quotations and borrowed information that is not common knowledge must be documented. (That Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492 or that Bush is our President should not be cited.)

• Weight training is recommended because it creates "greater lean body mass, which burns calories more efficiently and keeps weight in check" (Horowitz 71).

  • When the author is not mentioned in the essay itself, the author’s name must be included in parentheses after the quote or paraphrase. If the page # is known, include it after the name. There is NO comma and there is NO p. pp. before the page #. The period goes after the parentheses

   

• Janice Horowitz writes, "The biggest benefit may be the creation of greater lean body mass, which burns calories more efficiently and keeps weight in check"  (71).  
  • When quotes are introduced with the he said/she said, or with similar expressions that indicate a pause, include a comma before the quotation.
    The first time a name is introduced in an essay, include both the first & last name.

• According to the Web article entitled "All Pumped Up," weight training creates "greater lean body mass, which burns calories more efficiently and keeps weight in check."  
  • When including articles from the Web which have no author, refer to the title of the Web page. Usually papers are easier to read and flow more smoothly when the title is inserted within the essay rather than in parentheses. If there is no page #, obviously none can be inserted in parentheses.

• Janice Horowitz compares the benefits of weight training versus conventional exercise programs. She explains that traditional exercises do not benefit the body in as many ways as does weight training. The greatest benefit to weight training is that it keeps one’s weight down (71).
  • Paraphrasing:
    Paraphrased material must be cited in the same format as quoted material. Include the author and page # when known.
    The current trend is to include the author’s name in the essay itself, rather than in parentheses.

• Janice Horowitz writes of the benefits of weight training: "The biggest benefit may be the creation of greater lean body mass, which burns calories more efficiently and keeps weight in check"  (71).  
  • When an independent clause (complete sentence) introduces a quotation, a colon is generally used.
    When the author is introduced in the body of the paper, do not repeat the name in parentheses.
    When the page # is known, include it in parentheses before the period.

Observe how smoothly quotes re integrated in the following sentences:

• In his introduction to Getting the A, Dr. Smith points out, "Successful students....." (5).
• Dr. Smith proposes the following solutions: "First...." (5).
• According to Dr. Smith, "Successful students .." (5).

It is generally preferred to include the author's name (when available)  within the body of the paper itself, otherwise the internal documentation of the paper itself becomes too stilted and difficult to read.  For example,

The introduction to Getting the A states, "Successful students..." (Smith 5).
(Avoid this - too much in parentheses )

As much as possible, avoid names in parentheses.  Include significant information within the text.

When there is no author, the title of the web page, pamphlet or source must be noted - preferably within the body of the work. When this is not done, it must be included in parentheses.